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Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India (office: 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964), initiated reforms to promote higher education, science, and technology in India.〔 The Indian Institutes of Technology – conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education – was inaugurated on 18 August 1951 at Kharagpur in West Bengal by the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.〔 More IITs were soon opened in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur and Delhi as well in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the Soviet Union enabled the Indian Space Research Organization to rapidly develop the Indian space program and advance nuclear power in India even after the first nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran.〔 India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on research and development in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the past five years.〔(Innovation in India )〕 However, according to India's science and technology minister, Kapil Sibal, India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries.〔 India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States. India invested US$3.7 billion in science and technology in 2002–2003.〔 For comparison, China invested about four times more than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more than India on science and technology.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=India lagging in science and technology, says official )〕 Despite this, five Indian Institutes of Technology were listed among the top 10 science and technology schools in Asia by ''Asiaweek''.〔(Asia's Best Science and Technology Schools. )〕 One study argued that Indian science did not suffer from lack of funds but from unethical practices, the urge to make illegal money, misuse of power, frivolous publications and patents, faulty promotion policies, victimization for speaking against wrong or corrupt practices in the management, sycophancy, and brain drain. However, the number of publications by Indian scientists is characterized by some of the fastest growth rates among major countries. India, together with China, Iran, South Africa and Brazil are the only developing countries among 31 nations with 97.5% of the world's total scientific productivity. The remaining 162 developing countries contribute less than 2.5%.〔(China, Brazil and India lead southern science output )〕 == 1947–1967 == Jawaharlal Nehru aimed "to convert India’s economy into that of a modern state and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly." 〔Nanda 2006〕 Nehru understood that India had not been at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, and hence made an effort to promote higher education, and science and technology in India.〔 Nehru's Planning Commission (1950) fixed investment levels, prescribed priorities, divided funds between agriculture and industry, and divided resources between the state and the federal governments.〔 The result of the efforts between 1947–1962 saw the area under irrigation increase by , food production rise by 34 million metric tons, installed power generating capacity increase by 79 million kilowatts, and an overall increase of 94 percent in industrial production.〔 The enormous population rise, however, would balance the gains made by Nehru.〔 The economically beleaguered country was nevertheless able to build a large scientific workforce, second in numbers only to that of the United States and the Soviet Union.〔 Education – provided by the government of India – was free and compulsory up to the Age of 14.〔Prabhu 2006〕 More emphasis was paid to the enhancement of vocational and technical skills.〔 J. P. Naik, member-secretary of the Indian Education Commission, commented on the educational policies of the time:〔 On 18 August 1951 the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, inaugurated the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur in West Bengal.〔Vrat 2006〕 Possibly modeled after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology these institutions were conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs under the chairmanship of N. R. Sarkar.〔 The Sino-Indian war (1962) came as a rude awakening to Nehru's military preparedness.〔Khan 2006〕 Military cooperation with the Soviet Union – partially aimed at developing advanced military technology – was pursued during the coming years.〔 Defence Research and Development Organisation was formed in 1958. Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930.〔Schwartzberg 2008〕 In 1937 it was given the name ''All India Radio'' and since 1957 it has been called ''Akashvani''.〔 Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.〔 The Indian Government acquired the EVS EM computers from the Soviet Union, which were used in large companies and research laboratories.〔Desai 2006〕 Tata Consultancy Services – established in 1968 by the Tata Group – were the country's largest software producers during the 1960s.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Science and technology in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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